Himalayan Rivers

The Himalayan rivers belong to three principal systems: the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra. These rivers originate from almost the same region within a few kilometers of each other separated by water that divides the first flow parallel to the main axis of the mountain, then take a sudden bend towards the South cutting through the massive mountain chain to reach the  North Indian plains. These rivers are perennial. These are v-shaped valleys.


                           Indus System

The Indus originates in the northern slopes of the Kailas Range in Tibet near Lake Mansarovar, it follows a north-western course through Tibet. It enters Indian Territory in Jammu and Kashmir the main tributaries of the Indus India are Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, and Beas. It covers Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. 


                     The Ganga System

The Ganga has twin sources. The main one is the Gangotri Glacier which is called the Bhagirathi, the other is the Satopanth Glacier North West of Badrinath which is called Alakananda. The two join at devprayag to form the Ganga that emerges from the hills of Haridwar, a majority of them originate in the Himalayan Ranges but some of them have their sources in Peninsular Plateau.


               The Brahmaputra System

The Brahmaputra rises it flows through southern Tibet of the Kailash range near Manasarovar, from the snout of the  Chemayungdung Glacier. It enters into a great loop southwest through Arunachal  Pradesh in India.  Emerging into the Assam valley it is joined by two tributaries that are the Lohit.


                   The Peninsular Rivers

The Western Ghats are the water divide between the major peninsular rivers discharging their water in the Bay of Bengal and a small joining the Arabian Sea. The Godavari is the largest peninsula river system the source of the river is in the Tirambak plateau near Maharashtra and discharges in water into the Bay of Bengal. The peninsular rivers are characterized by fixed course absence of largely non-perennial flow of water.


                              Water Use

Water is a resource that becomes available to us in an annual flow we try to estimate how much we would able to use during the year in order.

Inflows: Inflow = precipitation+surface flow+ground water

Surface flow Includes rivers streams scanners and other flows on the surfaces groundwater flow is difficult to estimate, and precipitation includes snow, dew, and hell.

Surface and groundwater flow: A small region such as a village may receive water through canals, and pipelines this had to be added to the amount of rainfall to get a guess as to the possible direction of flow.

Outflows

Evapotranspiration: Evaporation is the turning of water into Vapour, which takes place all the time in water bodies living things also give off water into the atmosphere through their breathing process this is called transpiration. The total amount of water added to the atmosphere from evaporation and transpiration is known as evapotranspiration.

Water for Industrial use: Water is required for the manufacturing process and this demand often competes with domestic and agricultural use this needs to be taken into account as this conflict is on the increase the challenge areas facing industrial use are recycling water and controlling pollution.

                                   What is available to a region or a village does not depend on the inflow But also on what is already available as stocks that, we use we often have to keep this distinction between stock and flow clear in our analyses. We can measure the inflows as the amount of water liters/ minute and the outflow similarity as the water liters/ minutes that flow out. This is the stock of water at that time.

                They are dependent on groundwater storage these inflows and storage are connected depending on comparative rates of inflow and outflow we can judge what is happening, to the stock of water over many years the annual flow stops the recharge rechargeable wells and tube Wells is the water that is available for us. When we dig into deeper aquifers- this is like mining water that has been collected over thousands of years. 


        Water Use in Tungabhadra River 

Tungabhadra is shared by the two southern states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh it is a tributary river System Krishna. According to the official statistics, farmland is the main land cover in the states others such as trees, cultivated waste, permanent pastures, forests, and natural vegetation covers the rest of the area some of the territories are used for storage by water harvesting systems called tanks. The lower portion of the nation in Andhra Pradesh is characterized by low rainfall and drought conditions some regions depend on the waterfall and undergoes water other areas depend on the surface flows by canals, that carry water from dams built along there is a lot of difference in water availability between these two types of regions.


                    Encroachment of public lands for cultivation is common more land being brought under cultivation at the expense of recovering inflows of groundwater depends on the tree cover, in the catchment areas if we wish to be fair to both rainfed and canal-irrigated regions, we must adopt a different plan for water conservation and a system of sharing water Tungabhadra dam.


        Water as common pool resources

Over the past few decades, underground water has become the main source, especially for domestic use and agricultural this increase in the use of groundwater has had a significant impact on water availability and access to it the current class of groundwater in many states are both, inappropriate these were well developed at a time when groundwater was a marginal source of water today shallow and dependent you wells have the potential to dry a lot of water what should be the judicious way of using the water.

             current laws on groundwater use are improper because the basic link between access to groundwater and land ownership on which these rules are based by flawed since groundwater has to be extracted from the land above a link, was established between land ownership and control of the water drawn from the underground system was assumed to be the landowner.